Shell and Solid Elements during FEA

Shell vs Solid Elements during FEA

Regardless of whether you’re at the beginning of your Finite Element Modelling journey or have more extensive experience in the field, you probably know that meshing is one of the hottest topics. There are many questions associated with mesh, such as mesh size and mesh convergence, but very often the first question that comes to mind is, “When should I use shell and solid elements during FEA?

Even though our computers and software are 10x more powerful than a decade ago, it’s still a dream to have a tool that would automatically generate mesh, removing the headache of 3D model preparation and simplification.

For many people it seems much easier to mesh a solid body with solid elements. However, meshing thin-walled bodies like sheet metal parts with solid elements isn’t always a good idea.

Let me show you when to use solid elements and when to use shell elements

When dealing with FEA there are always two important factors to consider: accuracy and time.

As we all know, accuracy is incredibly important in engineering practice, particularly when it comes to stress analysis. At the same time, engineering labour is expensive and tough deadlines push us to finish the analysis quickly.

Throughout the following test models, I will demonstrate shell and solid elements from the two opposing positions of accuracy and time.

I will detail a comparison of the results for the following six test models:

Test #1

Linear elements
Initial mesh size 5mm

Test #2

Parabolic elements
Initial mesh size 5mm

Test #3

Parabolic elements
Initial mesh size 2.5mm

Test #4

Parabolic elements
Initial mesh size 1.25mm

Test #5

Final refinement
Parabolic elements
Initial mesh size 1.25mm
0.2mm mesh fillet refinement

Test #6

Parabolic elements
Smaller fillet radius
Initial mesh size 1.25mm
0.2mm mesh fillet refinement

These results will provide general recommendations for the application of shell and solid elements. You can also see a test results summary table at the end of the article.

SOLID ELEMENTS AND SHELL ELEMENTS

Solid elements are designed with an assumption that their primary deformations are tension, compression and shear, while effects of bending for a single element are ignored. Therefore, solid elements have only three Translational Degrees of Freedom at each node and no Rotational Degrees of Freedom.

In practice, this means that using a single layer of solid elements to simulate bending could lead to inaccurate results. The impact on accuracy is particularly strong when thin-walled bodies meshed with solid elements using linear approximation. It produces an effect called shear locking, which makes the model rigid and leads to incorrect stress values.

Autodesk Inventor Nastran creates solid elements with parabolic approximation by default. These elements have additional mid-side nodes and to some extent are able to simulate bending.

Modelling with parabolic solid elements certainly makes situations better, but it still doesn’t guarantee high accuracy. Sometimes geometry, applied loads and constraints create conditions where deformation and force change rapidly in some areas (high gradient).

There is a risk in these areas that the parabolic approximation may limit rapidly growing change and can result in lower than actual stresses.

There is another factor that could affect accuracy – degenerated elements. Often when we mesh thin-walled bodies elements lots of solid elements have bad aspect ratios and sharp angles.

IS DECREASING MESH SIZE THE ANSWER?

The obvious method to overcome this issue is to decrease mesh size. However it leads to another problem: the finite element model becomes too heavy.

If we attempt to make the solid element size equal at least to material thickness in thin-walled models, the following is likely to occur:

  • It will significantly increase time to solve even a static linear analysis
  • Solving non-linear analysis becomes too time consuming – days, even weeks

As you can see, I’m leaning towards using shell elements for thin-walled models, but I assume that the arguments above are not enough for some readers, because meshing with solids is easier.

So, let’s compare solid and shell elements in action.

FEA TEST SETUP

I’m not a big fan of making experiments with basic restrained beams or plates. So, I modelled a more realistic example – a 0.5mm thick sheet metal part with three emboss features.

I then extracted a mid-surface from it to create a finite element model using shell elements. The second model is created using solid elements.

FEA Model Setup
FEA Model Boundary Conditions

TEST #1

Linear solid elements vs shell elements, Initial mesh size = 5mm

I first tested linear solid elements to demonstrate the impact of shear locking. The initial mesh size is 5mm for both models (shell and solid elements).

Displacement Results

The displacement results for solids are quite shocking:

  • Maximum displacement in the model with shell elements is 0.81mm
  • It is only 0.005mm in the model with solid elements
  • That’s 162 times the difference between shells and solids

Stress Results

Let’s look at the stress picture. As expected, the model with solid elements demonstrated a tremendous difference in stress results. The maximum stress in the solid element model (2.7MPa) is completely unrealistic and 41 times lower than in the model built using shell elements (110.5MPa).

Shell vs Solid Elements: Test 1 Displacement
Shell vs Solid Elements during FEA
Shell vs Solid Elements during FEA

TEST #2

Parabolic solid and parabolic shell elements, Initial mesh size = 5mm

Now, let’s test the models with parabolic shell and parabolic solid elements (elements with mid-side nodes). This will help to reduce the impact of shear locking. For this test I used the same mesh size and other settings, only changing the element approximation function from linear to parabolic.

Displacement Results

As you can see, a single layer parabolic solid element can simulate bending. But the parabolic shell model and parabolic solid model still give slightly different results – displacements in the model with solid elements (0.66mm) are 23% lower than in the model with shell elements (0.81mm).

Stress Results

Using parabolic shell elements instead of linear shell elements makes the stress results 1.5% higher – 112.2MPa vs 110.5MPa respectively. However, the mesh size around the fillet remains quite large and could produce inaccurate results due to high stress gradients.

At the same time, the model with parabolic solid elements is lagging behind the shell model showing maximum stress = 105.4MPa.

Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA

TEST #3

Parabolic solid and parabolic shell elements, higher density mesh, Initial mesh size = 2.5mm

In the next test I increased mesh density by applying an initial mesh size of 2.5mm. It resulted in a heavier model. But the decreased mesh size minimised the difference between shell and solid models.

Displacement Results

This time the parabolic solid elements demonstrated maximum displacement 0.806mm, while the shell element model displacement demonstrated a very minor change of 0.823mm (2% higher than the solid element model).

Stress Results

The stress result in the shell elements model increased by 8.5% compared to previous analysis, demonstrating better mesh convergence.

At the same time, the higher mesh density led to a 22% increase in stress in solid elements model (128.6MPa vs 105.4MPa).

Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA

TEST #4

Parabolic solid and parabolic shell elements, 2x Higher density mesh, Initial mesh size = 1.25mm

For the fourth test, I decided to continue the mesh refinement by making the initial mesh size 2x smaller than in the previous analysis.

Displacement Results

This mesh refinement made displacement results between shell and solid almost identical (0.827mm solid vs 0.815mm shell). At this point I can confidently conclude that the displacement results became stable.

Stress Results

The stress results are almost identical to the previous test. However, I observed that changes to the initial mesh size didn’t make the mesh around stress concentrators smaller. This explains the stability of the maximum stress points. A closer look at the stress picture around the stress concentrators reveals a need to continue refinement in this area.

Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA

TEST #5

Final refinement, Parabolic solid and parabolic shell elements, initial mesh size = 1.25mm + 0.2mm fillet refinement

When I took a close look at the stress plot around the maximum stress hot spot I realised that despite good correlation between shell and solid models there is a chance that the shell model is incapable of providing accurate results in areas like the emboss fillet.

What I mean by this is that the fillet radius measured from the mid-surface is comparable with material thickness and the shell elements are not designed to calculate the correct results in those situations. In order to confirm my assumptions, I applied 0.2mm Local Mesh control to the fillet faces.

Stress Results

The solid model returned a 9% higher result than shell elements, confirming my assumptions. As you can see the next logical step is to explore this limitation of shell elements by reducing the fillet size to 0.75mm (see test #6).

Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA

TEST #6

Smaller fillet radius

I created this model on the basis of the previous analysis: initial mesh size=1.25mm, local fillet refinement=0.2mm.

Stress Results

As expected, the solid elements demonstrated 49% higher stress (211.7MPa vs 140.8MPa) than shell elements. I think this is a good example which demonstrates the limitations of shell elements in situations when surface curvature or feature size is comparable to the material thickness.

Test 6 Parabolic Shell
Test 6 Parabolic Solid

RECOMMENDATIONS

Using solid elements is an easy way of creating mesh. However it’s not possible to simulate everything using solids. Therefore, my recommendation would be: for thin-walled bodies use shell elements.

  1. A single layer of linear solid elements cannot simulate bending.
  2. In general, parabolic solid elements can simulate thin-walled bodies if the element size is less than 2.5x material thickness. Ideally, at least 2 layers of solid elements across the material thickness.
Graph Displacement Shell vs Solid elements
Shell and Solid Elements during FEA
  1. In order to obtain quality results from solid element models it is necessary to dramatically reduce mesh size. It comes at a high computational cost making this method impractical for large assemblies and nonlinear analysis.
  2. Solid elements are sensitive to high stress gradients, particularly in thin-walled bodies and require fine mesh (two elements across material thickness) in critical areas.
  3. Shell elements produce good results at low computational cost.
  4. Shell elements are not capable of providing accurate stress results for model features comparable with material thickness. It is recommended to use shell elements to model features more than 10 times larger than the material thickness.
Graph CPU
Graph Dependencies

TEST RESULTS SUMMARY TABLE (LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS)

Summary Table